Strategic Management and Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Management and Leadership - Assignment Example The feature of effective leadership identifies a person who thinks and acts differently from the rest in achieving a desired purpose. This defines that a leader must be bold enough to face oppositions and undue criticisms for his different approach. A person earns the recognition of effective leadership if he or she endeavors to gauge a situation by standing on the toes of others. The effective leader must also take care of the subordinates through acts of motivation and by extending needed help in times of organizational crisis. Existing in the changing environment entails a leader to be flexible enough to help the organization achieve future goals and set purposes. A manager turns out to be an effective leader in being an adaptor to the changing environment. Further, the manager decides on the planned course of action and directs the subordinates to walk on the treaded path to achieve the desired goal. The manager also endeavors to empathize through the acts of liaison between the upper and the lower levels. Moreover, an effective manager must take active role in motivating the subordinates through effective training and creating a positive environment for others to perform effectively. The function of effective management also entails that the working conditions must be made favorable and safer to help the employees succeed in their work. (Caroselli, 2000, pp. 1, 2, 4-5, 6, 8-9) The leaders of the modern era must prove themselves as effective managers to sustain in a competitive environment. An effective leader in the context of the modern era is observed to be a person who endeavors to execute tasks through the delegation of responsibilities. Effective leadership entails in carving the organizational process and structure in such a manner that can help the staffs to become self-dependent in meeting desired goals. A person to become an effective leader must look forward to acquire

The Socrates' Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Socrates' Philosophy - Research Paper Example His character resembles that of a normal human person living in ancient Greece. Young and fiery Euthyphro believes in leading his life according to his own ideas. He is so blinded by his own principles that he fails to see the folly that he commits in persecuting his own father of murder. However, Euthyphro's character resembles ancient people of those days. Most of them were honorable men who believed in leading a life of high principles. I have found Euthyphro to be like a real-life person. There is a section of the population who are so steadfast in their own thinking that they often fail to realize the mistakes that they commit by acting according to their own ideas. Of course, in the end, Euthyphro is enlightened by Socrates and retrieved to the right path of thinking.Glaucon is also portrayed as a strong character. He does not hesitate to engage in conversations with the great Socrates about serious issues like the desirable and just actions of men and about the code of conduct of humans. He discusses the grave issue of â€Å"human life and its end† with his partner. Glaucon possesses his own ideas regarding the issues and argues with Socrates courageously putting forward his own ideas with great zeal. He sounds futuristic when he advocates that the young generation should be told of the actions of their predecessors to make them aware of the truths of life. Glaucon says the youth must know of the good as well the mistakes of their fathers and forefathers to form their own ideas about civilization. However, Plato as an author fails to impress. The conversations are described at length and style of narration is quite complicated. It takes the reader a considerable amount of time to grasp the meaning of their words. Perhaps, this is not the author’s fault and people in ancient Greece were used to conversing in this way. Plato has used simple English language to convey the thought of his speakers, but their ideas are repeated and re-repeated so that instead of giving a clear idea, they have created confusion in the reader’s mind. The philosophies of the speakers could have been expressed in a more straightforward and direct manner.

Overview Of The Economic Growth Of Poland Economics Essay

Overview Of The Economic Growth Of Poland Economics Essay Polands economy looked bleak during the 1980s. Few would consider Poland as a business hub due to its low economic growth and soaring inflation rate (Nuti, 1986). Fast-forward to the 21st century, Polands economy has changed tremendously. It is not just the only European country to survive the current recession but it is still experiencing rapid growth  [1]  . What could have possibly instigated Polands this drastic change in the time span of only 2 decades? This essay will use the PESTLE  [2]  analysis to understand the positive force that initiated the economic growth and also examine the causes that might hinder Polands future economic growth. Porters Diamond will be used for the critical evaluation and support of the PESTLE analysis. Political Reform The fall of communism in 1989 had led to vast improvements in Polands economy. One might disagree with that because the event took place over 20 years ago, however, the effect of political change does not happen overnight and there would be a time lag involved (Gillespie, 1999). The most significant change after the fall of communism is in stabilising the country. Poland is the 29th politically most stable country with the index score of 4.5 (Economic Intelligence Unit, 2009). This provides a sense of security for investment and business, for example, if Poland is in an unstable situation akin to the current Libyan crisis, people would avoid investing in the country. In contrast to a communist state, a democratic country allows the voice of people to be heard, and their opinions and views to be realised. Citizens in democratic countries tend to have greater respect for the leaders they chose for themselves compared to otherwise. For example, in a company, a bottom-up leadership has a better effect than a top-down leadership because workers would respect the leader and this allows employees to bring out best of their skill set and experience. Similar principle applies for macroeconomic levels. Additionally, a democratic country is highly likely to prosper due to reduced frictional social interactions among citizens (Kariel, 1956). Furthermore, the Polish government has developed a radical program known as the Shock Therapy to curb hyper inflation. Poland was once ruled under a planned economy system. Shock Therapy is a transition from a planned economy system to market economy. It is a sudden release of price, followed by the removal of subsidies and large scale privatisations of previously publicly owned companies (Murell, 1993). This program has both short and long term effects. The planned economy provided employment to almost every citizen but with inflation rates of around 600% (Cottarelli Szapà ¡ry, 1998), low wages and severe shortages of basic necessities. This Shock Therapy suppressed the hyperinflation and stopped the food shortage (Haggard Webb, 1996). However, all these problems are only short term problems. The ideal result lies in the long term measure. One of the key reasons of why Poland economy growth has been so steady in the past few years was because of its market economy (Kornai, 2000). This has provided opportunities for small service firms to contribute to Polands economy (Nunnally, 2010), which was unachievable during the communist era. Market economies encourage international business because the barriers to entry are lowered increasing the opportunity for success and lowering sunk costs. Poland also has excellent relations with foreign countries allowing it to benefit from several advantages such as enjoying tax free zones within the EU since joining it in May 2004 (Papazoglou, Pentecost, Marques, 2006). This is important because imported goods within Europe are cheaper, hence lowering production costs. Another vital factor of entering the EU is curbing the high unemployment rate. Since adopting the free market policy, Poland has high unemployment rates  [3]  . By joining the EU, Polands unemployed workforce is able to look for jobs outside Poland. Lowering unemployment rates is crucial in reducing social problems and creating a better environment for investors. Economic Advantages In addition to political factors, economic factors have also enhanced economic growth. The first step was implementing a floating exchange to curb hyperinflation (Sachs, 1996) which, in addition, helped Poland to survive the current economic crisis by facilitating economic adjustments. During the economic crisis, the Zloty depreciated against the Euro and Sterling. This meant Polish goods were more competitive than European goods both at home and abroad. One might think that there are so many countries with lower exchange rates, so why would investors invest in Poland? The answer lies in the nature of its currency- Zloty is very stable as a currency  [4]  , it only oscillates within a certain range. This is very important for a business because cost of production would not fluctuate and there would be less uncertainty. Investors tend to avoid the risks arising from uncertainty and the Zloty provides a sense of security to businessmen and investors. In planning to adopt the euro i n 2015 (Dnevnik.bg, 2010), Poland will be forgoing the competitive advantage of its currency. To evaluate, this is a good option as the global economy grows as the Euro will provide more advantages (Gulde, Kahkonen, Keller, 2000). Many things have changed since the transitional period of Poland. Polish people have become richer over the years and Poland is one of the richest nations, second only to the Czechs in the Central Europe (Credit Suisse, 2010). Also, an average Polish is three times richer than an average Russian (Jedrzej, 2010). Their wealth leads to strong domestic consumption within Poland  [5]  which led to strong economic growth especially during the recession. Export based countries, such as Singapore, suffered greatly during the recession. The impact of the recession is less in the case of Poland because the domestic market within Poland is large and accounts for more than half of Polands market. Although it is hard to believe, the initial high unemployment rate also boosted economic growth. Polish people are highly educated with 99% of their citizens being educated (TradingEconomics, 2009). Skilled and educated workers tend to be more expensive. However, due to the high unemployment rates, labour costs in Poland are comparatively lower than other countries, such as Germany. This is a strong selling point for investors abroad. These investments are crucial because it has reduced unemployment rates and increased economic activity in Poland, subsequently enhancing economic growth. FDI has increased steadily since 1995 with the exception of 2008 and 2009 due to global economic crisis (United Nation Conference of Trade and Development, 2010). It has boosted economic activities greatly. Other than a cheap but skilled labour force, Special Economic Zones established by the Polish government has also attracted foreign investors. At present, there are 14 Special Economic Zone in Poland (KPMG, 2009). Different areas have different geographical landscapes allowing wide-ranges of businesses to be set up. These areas provide opportunities for tax exemption. The amount of tax exempted will depend on the size of the investment (Nam, 2004). The Special Economic Zones have attracted investors from all over the world, in particular investors from the EU as the benefits are greatly to their advantage to invest. The regulations are more flexible and they share the same benefits as Polish firms. These, combined with the stability exchange rate of Zloty, have attracted FDI from the EU as all investors stand an equal chance. Porters Factor Conditions Although Poland has enjoyed steady economic growth in recent years, there are still a few factors hindering their growth, for example, having poor transportation systems. Having good infrastructures enables a country to fully utilise their resources efficiently and effectively boosting the economy. Therefore for Poland to improve on their economic growth, they must improve on their infrastructure. In my opinion, the infrastructure would not be a concern because Euro 2012 will be held by Poland and funds had been provided by the EU as an aid to improve on their infrastructure (Szafranko, 2010). Evaluation As previously mentioned, political stability is key to economic growth but there are factors that unsettle Polands stability such as corruption  [6]  . This is a significant disadvantage, for instant, if the government invested in a  £10million project but due to corruption, only  £2 million is injected, the project would either be substandard or incomplete due to the amount of money lost. Furthermore, safety will also be a key concern due to the substandard undertakings. With this kind of uncertainties, investors will have their doubts when investing in the country. However, Poland has taken several measures to reduce corruption, and with more effort, corruption can be reduced. Besides that, the countrys high unemployment rate can also be a concern for the country  [7]  . While it is true that the high unemployment rate saved Poland during the recession, it cannot be a long term plan for the country. A high rate of unemployment would cause stress within the country and crime rate would increase causing instability. Furthermore, it would also prevent the country for optimising their resources. Despite the current high unemployment, recent reports show that the unemployment rate is steadily decreasing over the years  [8]  . Conclusion In conclusion, there are many factors driving Polands economic growth such as political stability and stable exchange rates. Polands external competitiveness has been tested by the rise of the BRIC, notably China. There are numerous reasons why Poland has been able to attract large volumes of FDI, one of which is the Special Economic Zones with tax exemptions lowering business costs. Sound macroeconomic policies have sharpened Polands competitive edge and positioned it well to seize opportunities from joining the EU, therefore attracting more FDI leading to further growth. The main difficulty Poland now faces is corruptions. However, the extent to which this has affected Polands economic growth is hard to determine but the pull factors of economic growth outweighs this problem. There is also room for supplementary improvement to further boost the economy especially the developments of infrastructures. Nonetheless, the growth for Poland is sure to progress with the adoption of Euro an d Euro 2012. Critical Reflection The PESTLE analysis allows clear insight of the country in the macroeconomic level. The political and economic aspects of the PESTLE provide a clear framework on how it affects the economical growth and the extent of the influence. However, the usage of PESTLE is limited to the present and does not give a wider picture of the future such as Poland is planning to adopt Euro in 2015. Under some circumstances, analysing the PESTLE is insufficient in certain aspects such as the infrastructure in Poland. Nevertheless, the Porters Diamond Factor Conditions are used to complement the weaknesses of this issue. However, both models fail to address one major factor, the regulatory factor given in the STEER  [9]  analysis which is important given the recent financial crisis. Furthermore, in my opinion, safety of a country is important as well. Safety is indispensable because it provides certainty for foreign investors. Although the PESTLE analysis is widely used and it provides information on various factors, I think a new model that incorporates more factors should be introduced. There are many factors driving Polands economic growth, however, the level of contribution of each factor is uncertain. One might wonder how Hungary suffered from a different fate from Poland despite both having floating exchange rates. In my opinion, it is not just the floating exchange, but the different factors that complement each other that exist only within Poland to have boosted Polands economic growth. Lastly, research was made based on recent statistics for data accuracy. However, sources from research using resources that date back to 20 years were also used. The results are important because this data provides an insight to the initiation of Polands economic growth after the downfall of communism. Some resources are subject to biased views, making it impossible to obtain a perfectly accurate reasoning. Mixed responses can be seen regarding the countrys progress. According to local Polish people in the university, it is said that Polands economy is not very promising. However, according to other reports, the results say otherwise. In my opinion, Polands progress is very promising but the government should provide more social benefits to the local Polish to prevent outward migration which may lead to brain drain. Bibliography Business Monitor International. (2011). Poland Infrastrucuture Report Q1. Warsaw: Business Monitor International. Cottarelli, C., Szapà ¡ry, G. (1998). Moderate inflation: the experience of transition economies. Hungary: International Monetary Fund. Credit Suisse. (2010). Poles getting rich quickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Warsaw: Global Wealth Report. Dnevnik.bg. (2010). Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Czech Republic to adopt euro in 2015 analysts. Sofiaecho , 50. E, P. M. (1990). The Competitve Advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review , 73-93. Economic Intelligence Unit. (19 March, 2009). Viewsfire. Retrieved 2011 April, 4, from Viewsfire: http://viewswire.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=social_unrest_tablepage=noadsrf=0 Eurostat. (6 April, 2011). Poland Unemployment Rate. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Eurostat: http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/quickview.do?SERIES_KEY=132.STS.M.PL.S.UNEH.RTT000.4.000 Eurostat. (6 April, 2011). Real GDP Growth Rate. Retrieved 7 Aptril, 2011, from Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=tableinit=1plugin=1language=enpcode=tsieb020 Gillespie, P. (1999). Too early to say if 1989 was a liberation or a revolution. World News , 16. Gulde, A.-M., Kahkonen, J., Keller, P. (2000). Pros and cons of currency board arrangements in the lead-up to EU accession and participation in the Euro zone. International Economic Review , 173. Haggard, S., Webb, S. B. (1996). Voting for reform: democracy, political liberalization, and economic adjustment. New York: Oxford University Press. Jedrzej, B. (13 October, 2010). Poles are at the forefront of nations increasingly rich. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Gelda Waluty Finanse, FT: http://forsal.pl/artykuly/458053,polacy_sa_w_swiatowej_czolowce_bogacacych_sie_narodow.html Kariel, H. S. (1956). Democracy Unlimited: Lewins Field Theory. The American Journal of Sociology , 280-289. Kornai, J. (2000). Ten Years After The Road to a Free Economy: The Authors Self-Evaluation . SSRN , 29. KPMG. (2009). A Special Economic Zone in Poland. Warsaw: Invest in Poland. Laposte. (4 January, 2010). Polands Consumptio. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Laposte. McKEEVER INSTITUTE of ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS. (December, 2004). POLAND: Economic Policy Analysis. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from McKEEVER INSTITUTE of ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS: http://www.mkeever.com/poland.html Murell, P. (1993). What is shock therapy? What did it do in Poland and Russia? Post-Soviet Affairs , 111-137. Nam, C. W. (2004). Types of Tax Concessions for Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Free Economic Zones. Munich: Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research. National Bank of Poland. (7 April, 2011). Exchange Rate Archive. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from National Bank of Poland: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=tableinit=1plugin=1language=enpcode=tsieb020 Nunnally, S. (2010). Economic Growth And Low Labor Costs Make For Attractive Investments. Articlesnatch , 1. Nuti. (1986). Hidden and Repressed Inflation in Soviet Economies:Definition, Measurements and Stabilisation . Contributions to Political Econo , 37-82. Papazoglou, C., Pentecost, E. J., Marques, H. (2006). A Gravity Model Forecast of the Potential Trade Effects of EU Enlargement: Lessons from 2004 and Path-dependency in Integration. The World Economy , 1077-1089. Sachs, J. D. (1996). Economic transition and the exchange-rate regime. The American Economic Review , 147. Szafranko, E. (2010). Evaluation of a Possible Development of the Transportation Network in Poland Supported by the EU Funds. Olsztyn Economic Journal , 357-379. TradingEconomics. (2009). Literacy rate; youth total (% of people ages 15-24) in Poland. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Trading Economics: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/poland/literacy-rate-youth-total-percent-of-people-ages-15-24-wb-data.html United Nation Conference of Trade and Development. (22 July , 2010). World Investment Report 2010. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Invest in Poland: http://www.paiz.gov.pl/files/?id_plik=13224 Appendix Appendix 1 Polands economic growth has been steady with the exception of the economic crisis in 2008. Source: Adapted from (Eurostat, 2011) Appendix 2 PESTLE Analysis In this essay, I utilised the Political and Economical factors in the PESTLE analysis. The PESTLE analysis provided me a clear framework to facilitate my research on the essay. Appendix 3 Polands have high unemployment rate. However, over the last few years, unemployment has been decreasing steadily. C:UsersNicoDesktopunemplo.png Source: Adapted from (Eurostat, 2011) Appendix 4 The Polish currency, Zlotych had depreciates against the Euro from 2008 to 2009 which caused the Polish currency to be more competitive in the market. Low currency value reduces the cost of borrowing hence it attracts investors to invest more in the country. Furthermore, the exchange rate is very stable, making it a reliable currency. Source: Adapted from (National Bank of Poland, 2011) Appendix 5 Polands domestic consumption is much bigger than the export. The high domestic consumption is one of the reasons that allowed Poland to enjoy a positive GDP despite the current economic crisis. Source: Adapted from (Laposte, 2010) Appendix 6 Polands is generally stable politically with the exception of corruptions. Source: Adapted from (McKEEVER INSTITUTE of ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS, 2004) Appendix 7 Porters Diamond Factors Condition The Porters Diamond factors condition analyses nations position in factors of production (E, 1990). From there, the key opportunity and threats can be highlighted clearly. In this case, the infrastructure is examined because it is the weak link in Polands economic growth. However, Poland infrastructure has been growing steadily (Business Monitor International, 2011). Appendix 8 STEER Analysis The STEER analysis is the updated version of the PESTLE framework. The main factor that differentiates STEER from PESTLE is the regulatory factor.

Adult Illiteracy :: Adult Illiteracy Essays

"Learning to read is like learning to drive a car. You take lessons and learn the mechanics and the rules of the road. After a few weeks you have learned how to drive, how to stop, how to shift gears, how to park, and how to signal. You have also learned to stop at a red light and understand road signs. When you are ready, you take a road test, and if you pass, you can drive. Phonics-first works the same way. The child learns the mechanics of reading, and when he's through, he can read. Look and say works differently. The child is taught to read before he has learned the mechanics — the sounds of the letters. It is like learning to drive by starting your car and driving ahead. . .And the mechanics of driving? You would pick those up as you go along." —Rudolf Flesch, "Why Johnny Still Can't Read," 1981 Illiteracy in America is still growing at an alarming rate and that fact has not changed much since Rudolf Flesch wrote his best-selling expose of reading instruction in 1955. Illiteracy continues to be a critical problem, demanding enormous resources from local, state, and federal taxes, while arguments about how to teach children to read continue to rage within the education research community, on Capitol Hill, in business, and in the classroom. The International Reading Association estimates that more than one thousand research papers are prepared each year on the subject of literacy, and that is very likely a low figure. For the past 50 years, America's classrooms have been used by psychologists, sociologists, educationists, and politicians as a giant laboratory for unproven, untried theories of learning, resulting in a near collapse of public education. It is time we begin to move away from "what's new" and move toward "what works." The grim statistics According to the National Adult Literacy Survey, 42 million adult Americans can't read; 50 million can recognize so few printed words they are limited to a 4th or 5th grade reading level; one out of every four teenagers drops out of high school, and of those who graduate, one out of every four has the equivalent or less of an eighth grade education. According to current estimates, the number of functionally illiterate adults is increasing by approximately two and one quarter million persons each year. This number includes nearly 1 million young people who drop out of school before graduation, 400,000 legal immigrants, 100,000 refugees, and 800,000 illegal

Assassination of John F. Kennedy Essay

On the day of November 24, 1963, Americans were all shocked by the sudden death of the 35th President of the United States of America. During that day, the itinerary of the president was to join the motorcade from the Dallas airport to the city business district. While the President and the First Lady were aboard an open vehicle along with other political dignitaries in Dallas, Texas, a gunshot was fired as the presidential party approached the Dealey Plaza. Unfortunately, it was Kennedy who was the target and was hit on the head and on his back. The only other causality during that event was John Connally, the Texas Governor who was also shot on the back. Though Jackie Kennedy, the First Lady, was seated near the President in the car, she was left unharmed (BBC, 2008). Many civilians have witnessed this incident because it happened in a public place and it was televised at the local TV networks. Because of these circumstances, many claimed that they have seen where the gunman took his shot. According to Bob Jackson, a photographer from Dallas Times Herald who was then covering the event and situated near the presidential car, â€Å"As I looked up I saw a rifle being pulled back from a window – it might have been resting on the windowsill – I didn’t see a man. † Also, others said that the shots came from the â€Å"window of a building overlooking the road† where Kennedy was shot (BBC, 2008). After the shooting incident, the president was right away brought to the Parklands hospital. But after 35 minutes, Kennedy was pronounced dead. As the protocol, Lyndon John, vice-president, who was next in line was immediately â€Å"sworn in as the new US leader. † This tragedy caught America by surprise that have left them mourning the unexpected death and the brief term in office of President John F. Kennedy (BBC, 2008).

Customers bank Essay

For Businesses to survive they need to rely on customers buying their goods or services sales can also come from other businesses or members of the public. 1) Goods are what are sold to the customer . For example businesses like wholesalers and retailers sell goods. Goods are tangible things, they are used up. Goods are made up of materials like woods, food and cotton. 2) Services Services are sold also but are not tangible, you can’t see them. A service is a skill which is provided in order to help the customer or business. Services include National Health, Banking, Teaching and the police. 3) Business to business Businesses can offer their goods and service to other business. For example an airline company will purchase the services of a catering company. They do this so they don’t waste time making their own food. 4) Business to customer Business also sell goods and services to customers or individuals. For example banks offer their financial services to individuals who need loans or advice. Sales Documents 1) Order received ( see example 5) This document is produced by the supplier and is sent to the customer. This is used to conform with the customer what they have ordered. Details like the product description and how many they require are written down. 2) Sales Invoice (see Example 6) This document is sent to the customer to tell them how much they owe. Its similar to the purchase invoice and includes things like VAT and discounts. Also it includes the description of the product. The sales invoice is different because its’s only issued when a good has been delivered and has not paid for unless the customer has paid immediately. Delivery Note (see Example 7) A delivery note is given to the customer when the goods are delivered. The documents tells you what has been delivered and how many has been delivered. Also on it is the customers address so its similar to the goods received note. This document is a security measure so the right goods end up in the right place. The delivery note is given to the driver of the truck who deliver the goods and is then passed on to the customer. Sales Credit Note (see Example 8) This document is used by the customer in the event of an error in the supplied goods. For example if you bought a pair of shoes returned home and found a tear in them you can ask for a refund or accept a sales Credit Note. This would allow you to return to the shop in the future and exchange the note for a good or goods of the same value. The credit note is issued by the supplier and is sent to the customer. Statement of Account ( see Example 9) A statement of account is sent by a supplier to a customer. It states all transactions made in the month by the customer, any money outstanding, the total amount of money due on each invoice and the total balance which has to be paid. Remittance Advice (see Example 10) A remittance advice slip will often accompany the statement of account form. It is sent with cheque by the customer. This slip helps the supplier accurately process the payment when it is received. The supplier issues the remittance advice slip and the customer makes use of it by matching it with the invoice or statement of account and then sends it back with the cheque or other payment, this makes it easier for the supplier to match up cheque to invoices When you pay for something in cash you need some sort of proof you’re bought it. The proof you need is to collect a receipt. This is needed if you want to make a refund or if you want to exchange your product for something else. The receipt is written proof of your purchase and should include the following:- The date, Receipt number, Name of company, Description of the product, Amount paid (inc. VAT). A copy of the receipt is kept by the payee for their records and to provide evidence of VAT for recording purposes. Cheque (see Example 12) When you pay for something by cheque the cheque the cheque itself is a proof of purchase so a receipt is not needed. The cheque is similar to the receipt and will include the date and the amount. But the cheque also has the name of the person you are paying. The cheque will then be taken by that person to their bank to be cashed. A cheque is a receipt because when you pay by cheque shows up on your bank statement which acts as a receipt. Paying-in slips (see Example 13) Paying-in slips are used to put money into a bank account. This slip has a detachable section which is given with the cash and cheque the bank who place the money into the account. Left over is a section which is stamped to show that the money will be credited to our your account. On the slip is the amount deposited, the date and the name of the bank. Paying in slips vary from bank to bank. Banking statement (see Example 14 ) If you have a bank account you will also have a Bank statements. These are used to tell how much you have in your account, how much money you deposited and how much you have withdrawn and to see how much you invest you have earned It also tells you where and when you took your money out. Bank statements are basically used to keep track of your money. Cash is the most common way to pay. Its comes in two forms, coins and banknotes. In addition to this there are different note and coins which represent different amounts. Banknotes and coins can be copied or forged so it is wise to check the notes are genuine. Credit Card. Credit Card are alternatives to cash or cheques. They can be used at home and abroad wherever they are accepted. Instead of handing over cash or a transaction voucher by the customer. This voucher is then sent to the bank, who then sent the customer a statement saying hour much they owe. The statement usually takes a long time to arrive so the cardholder has time to come up with the money they owe. This is the interest free period, but interest is changed if the account is not cleared in that period. Debit Card A Debit Card is basically a cheque book and cheque card combined. At the point of purchase the money is debited from the customers bank account, after which a transaction voucher has to be signed by the customer so that company knows the right person has used the right card. Also so the company can keep a record of whom has shopped at their establishment. PC5 Importance of security It is very important that financial transactions are recorded clearly and accurately to protect them from theft, fraud and criminal damage . Security checks are there to prevent fraud, theft and to ensure high standards of honesty. By constantly checking records and by special equipment which can detect security checks.

Psychodynamic Analysis Paper essays

Psychodynamic Analysis Paper essays I fear pieces of Adolph Hitlers psychodynamic personality will forever remain a mystery. While researching Hitlers personal history for this paper, I noted that the psychological community has demonstrated significant interest in Hitlers personality since the late 1930s. Some have linked Hitlers psychopathic tendencies to traumatic childhood events, while others link his behavior to illnesses such as hysteria, paranoia, schizophrenia, and syphilis. The written documents that I researched agreed that Hitler had certain character traits that can easily be regarded as abnormal. Hitler was a feminine boy and small in stature. According to his memoirs in Mein Kampf, Hitler described his father as brutal towards his mother and he apparently disliked him. However, Hitler also revered his father for his strong personality, something which Hitler was not when he was younger. Hitler later overcame his subservient tendencies through the mass killings he perpetrated. These ghastly killings could have been caused in part from a desperate loathing of his own submissive weakness and the humiliations of being beaten by his father, if, in fact, he truly was the recipient of said beatings. Some have suggested that his mother, of whom he was very fond, had received the beatings and he was unable to rescue her from her plight. Hitler was said to have been close to his mother and was devastated by her death. The possibility stands that Hitler became the menace he was through his attempt to emulate his fathers masculine power and to conquer his feminine submissiveness and weakness, which he learned from his mother. In short, Hitler did not become the man he hated and feared; rather he became someone strong enough to conquer his fears. On entering politics, Hitler made a strenuous effort to renounce all that was weak and effeminate in his own personality and to identify himself with a new and ...

General Billy Mitchell - Father of the US Air Force

General Billy Mitchell - Father of the US Air Force Billy Mitchell - Early Life Career: The son of wealthy Senator John L. Mitchell (D-WI) and his wife Harriet, William Billy Mitchell was born on December 28, 1879 at Nice, France. Educated in Milwaukee, he later enrolled at Columbian College (present-day George Washington University) in Washington, DC. In 1898, prior to graduating, he enlisted in the US Army with the goal of fighting in the Spanish-American War. Entering the service, Mitchells father soon used his connections to obtain his son a commission. Though the war ended before he saw action, Mitchell elected to remain in the US Army Signal Corps and spent time in Cuba and the Philippines. Billy Mitchell - An Interest in Aviation: Sent north in 1901, Mitchell successfully built telegraph lines in remote areas of Alaska. During this posting, he began studying Otto Lilienthals glider experiments. This reading, combined with further research, led him to conclude in 1906 that future conflicts would be fought in the air. Two years later, he witnessed a flying demonstration given by Orville Wright at Fort Myer, VA. Sent to the Army Staff College, he became the only Signal Corps Officer on the Army General Staff in 1913. As aviation was assigned to the Signal Corps, Mitchell was well placed to further develop his interest. Associating with many early military aviators, Mitchell was made deputy commander of the Aviation Section, Signal Corps in 1916. At age 38, the US Army felt that Mitchell was too old for flying lessons. As a result, he was forced to seek private instruction at the Curtiss Aviation School in Newport News, VA where he proved a quick study. When the US entered World War I in April 1917, Mitchell, now a lieutenant colonel, was en route to France as an observer and to study aircraft production. Traveling to Paris, he established an Aviation Section office and began connecting with his British and French counterparts. Billy Mitchell - World War I: Working closely with the Royal Flying Corps General Sir Hugh Trenchard, Mitchell learned how to develop aerial combat strategies and plan large-scale air operations. On April 24, he became the first American officer to fly over the lines when he rode with a French pilot. Quickly earning a reputation as a daring and tireless leader, Mitchell was promoted to brigadier general and given command of all American air units in General John J. Pershings American Expeditionary Force. In September 1918, Mitchell successfully planned and orchestrated a campaign using 1,481 Allied aircraft in support of ground forces during the Battle of St. Mihiel. Gaining air superiority over the battlefield, his aircraft aided in driving back the Germans. During his time in France, Mitchell proved a highly effective commander, but his aggressive approach and unwillingness to operate in the chain of command made him numerous enemies. For his performance in World War I, Mitchell received the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal, and several foreign decorations. Billy Mitchell - Air Power Advocate: Following the war, Mitchell expected to be placed in command of the US Army Air Service. He was blocked in this goal when Pershing named Major General Charles T. Menoher, an artilleryman, to the post. Mitchell instead was made Assistant Chief of the Air Service and was able to retain his wartime rank of brigadier general. A relentless advocate for aviation, he encouraged US Army pilots to challenge records as well as promoted races and ordered aircraft to aid in fighting forest fires. Convinced that air power would become the driving force of war in the future, he pressed for the creation of an independent air force. Mitchells vocal support of air power brought him into conflict with the US Navy as he felt the ascent of aviation made the surface fleet increasingly obsolete. Convinced that bombers could sink battleships, he argued that aviation should be the US first line of defense. Among those he alienated was Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. Failing to achieve his goals, Mitchell became increasingly outspoken and attacked his superiors in the US Army, as well as the leadership of the US Navy and White House for failing to understand the importance of military aviation. Billy Mitchell - Project B: Continuing to agitate, Mitchell managed in February 1921 to convince Secretary of War Newton Baker and Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to hold joint Army-Navy exercises in which his aircraft would bomb surplus/captured ships. Though the US Navy was reluctant to agree, it was compelled to accept the exercises after Mitchell learned of their own aerial testing against ships. Believing that he could succeed in wartime conditions, Mitchell also held that a thousand bombers could be built for the price of one battleship making aviation a more economical defense force. Dubbed Project B, the exercises moved forward in June and July 1921 under a set of rules of engagement that greatly favored the survivability of the ships. In the early tests, Mitchells aircraft sank a captured German destroyer and light cruiser. On July 20-21, they attacked the German battleship Ostfriesland. While the aircraft did sink it, they violated the rule of engagement in doing so. In addition, the circumstances of the exercises were not wartime conditions as all of the target vessels were stationary and effectively defenseless. Billy Mitchell - Fall from Power: Mitchell repeated his success later that year by sinking the retired battleship USS in September. The tests incensed President Warren Harding who wished to avoid any show of naval weakness immediately prior to the Washington Naval Conference, but did lead to increased funding for military aviation. Following a protocol incident with his naval counterpart, Rear Admiral William Moffett, at the beginning of the conference, Mitchell was sent overseas on an inspection tour. Returning to the US, Mitchell continued to criticize his superiors regarding aviation policy. In 1924, the commander of the Air Service, Major General Mason Patrick, sent him on a tour of Asia and the Far East to remove him from the limelight. During this tour, Mitchell foresaw a future war with Japan and predicted an aerial attack on Pearl Harbor. That fall, he again blasted the Army and Navy leadership, this time to the Lampert Committee. The following March, his term of Assistant Chief ended and he was exiled to San Antonio, TX, with the rank of colonel, to oversee air operations. Billy Mitchell - Court Martial: Later that year, following the loss of the US Navy airship USS , Mitchell issued a statement accusing the militarys senior leadership of almost treasonable administration of the national defense and incompetence. As a result of these statements, he was brought up on court-martial charges for insubordination at the direction of President Calvin Coolidge. Beginning that November, the court-martial saw Mitchell receive broad public support and notable aviation officers such as Eddie Rickenbacker, Henry Hap Arnold, and Carl Spaatz testified on his behalf. On December 17, Mitchell was found guilty and sentenced to a five-year suspension from active duty and loss of pay. The youngest of the twelve judges, Major General Douglas MacArthur, called serving on the panel distasteful, and voted not guilty stating that an officer should not be silenced for being at variance with his superiors in rank and with accepted doctrine. Rather than accept the punishment, Mitchell resigned on February 1, 1926. Retiring to his farm in Virginia, he continued to advocate for air power and a separate air force until his death on February 19, 1936. Selected Sources National Museum of the US Air Force: Brigadier General William Billy MitchellUS Army: William Billy MitchellEarly Aviators: Billy Mitchell

Critical Thinking on Female Perpetrators

Critical Thinking on Female Perpetrators Critical Thinking on Female Perpetrators Critical Thinking on Female Perpetrators: While conducting the following literature review of female perpetrators committing violence towards their spouse and children, many ideas and practices discussed are the same, yet some were reviewing violence from both male and females point of view. Nonetheless, it appears that, in all the reviewed articles, the researchers tend to agree that cases of female perpetrators committing violence towards their spouses and children are indeed there. It is undoubtedly that most researches address male-to-female violence, although the articles reviewed here are among those addressing male victimization by female spouses. Physical abuse and violence between spouses and children is the focus of this literature review and it has continued to spark more debate within areas of social policy, practice, and research. In the discussion that will follow, the focus will be on comparing and contrasting the articles, analyzing them critically, and looking at the key concepts. According to Wilkes Cho (2009), violence taking place within a relationship, which is intimate in nature is a big social problem. In their observation, the victims, be it children or spouses suffer intense psychological, mental, and physical impacts of violence. It is only after police intervened that most perpetrators have been arrested. In contrast, Feldman and Ridley (2003) hold that, in the last ten years, there has been witnessed increased awareness in the public regarding domestic violence and the consequences it has on the well-being of the family and individuals involved. Although most attention has been geared towards male violence on their spouses and children, studies show that female violence towards their spouses is evident in intimate relationships. In view of Feldman and Ridley (2003), there tends to be equal percentages of females (12%) and males (11%) recorded of being violent towards their partners. In a study of 272 couples intending to get married, majority of fe males than males recorded cases of being violent towards their spouses at (44% vs. 31%) in pre-marriage, and (36% vs. 27%) in post-marriage of 18 months, and (32% vs. 25%) in a post-marriage of 30 months. While comparing Sarantakos (2004), and Taylor et al. (2009), it is obvious that maltreatment of both spouses and children is real owing to female perpetrators. According to Taylor et al. (2009), close to one million cases of physical abuse and other children maltreatment cases were reported in America in 2005. Unfortunately, high victimization rate is evident in kids who are below three years of age. In their observation, children who are victimized by their mothers suffer behavioral, mental, physical, and social problems and this might lead to problems of health such as smoking, alcoholism, STDs, heart disease, and obesity. In the 83% of the maltreatment meted on children, the mother alone contributes 40%, while the father is rated at 17%, and the rest 6% is from other people. Nonetheless, the mothers are associated with the highest percentage because they spend most time with children that anybody else (Taylor et al. 2009). In contrast, Sarantakos (2004) observes that there is dive rsity regarding how the society is responding towards ‘wives’ violence against their husbands (p.1). However, irrespective of irrefutable evidence that female are assaulting their male counterparts, most people tend to hold that the violence comes in equal proportions, an idea echoed by Feldman and Ridley (2003). In his study Sarantakos (2004) found out that, female-to-male violence was evident even with the males being peaceful in their homes. In a separate study by Kern smith and Kern smith (2009), the last two decades have seen policymakers in the United States maximizing their attention towards domestic violence. Unlike Sarantakos (2004), and Taylor et al. (2009) who focus on increased violence by females towards their males, Kern smith and Kern smith (2009) strive to examine recommendations of changing policies and intervention services to guide perpetrators. At a glance, these articles are characterized by themes, disagreements, and commonality. In view of Kern smith and Kern smith (2009) article, the authors have focused on providing recommendations to policy makers on what should be done to perpetrators of violence be it males or females. The two assert that, considering men are known for being violent towards their female counterparts, they have suffered more arrests. These findings, therefore, indicate that, the motivations and context of males being arrested for being violent are different from females arrested for committing similar crime. In the articles by Sarantakos (2004), Taylor et al. (2009), Wilkes Cho (2009), and Feldman and Ridley (2003) the thematic concerns of violence and its consequences on spouses is common. The authors tend to agree that violence in relationships lead to physical, psychological, health, and mental consequences to both children and spouse under violence. Additionally, in order to substantiate their c laims, Wilkes Cho (2009), and Feldman and Ridley (2003) have employed statistics to show the extent of violence reported among spouses. Most spouses in violent relationships suffer ridiculing, name-calling, instances of blaming, criticizing, threatening, and accusing. Spouses do these actions mutually, and in some cases by spouse unilaterally, while in some cases some spouses did not participate (Feldman Ridley, 2003). In some articles such as Wilkes Cho (2009), Taylor et al. (2009), and Feldman and Ridley (2003) there is a common practice regarding the manner in which the researches were conducted. In each case, the authors employed study samples, findings, results, discussion, and conclusion. In their article, Wilkes Cho (2009) identified their study variables as re-victimization, arrest, and gender. According to their results, male victimization and female victimization differed. Males were meted serious assaults at 28%, while their female counterparts stood at 17%. Additionally, females were fond of using weapons on their spouses although both parties suffered serious injuries. On the other hand, Taylor et al. (2009) based their variables on child-related and child maltreatment. Their results indicated that, mothers recorded over twenty cases of psychological violence, and seventeen cases of physical violence. Most mothers use physical and psychological violence against their loved ones, and cases of neglect of their children. In their conclusion, Taylor et al. (2009) asserted that most females, who mistreated their children, were equally being harassed in their relationships. In their research, Feldman and Ridley (2003) identified their variables such as verbal aggression, withdraw, and cooperation. The two employed questionnaire in their work, which was addressed to the 153 females, who were volunteers. In their results, the researchers asserted that, although studies exist regarding domestic violence severity are limited; a distinction exists between severe and mild types of domestic violence. In their conclusion, the researchers observed that, while 75% of females are reported as physically abused, they are aware that they are likely to be wounded owing to domestic violence. Although these articles tend to agree on violence orchestrated by female perpetrators, there are some disagreements on opinions explored by the authors. For instance, Wilkes Cho (2009) observe that men are most victimized in violent relationships while compared with their female counterparts who experience fewer injuries. For that reason, it is apparent that violence among spouses predominantly male. Additionally, the two authors found out that, females are fond of using weapons than their male spouses. Nonetheless, Feldman and Ridley (2003) tend to disagree with the former two regarding violence. Unlike Wilkes Cho (2009), Feldman and Ridley (2003) hold that women are most victimized, and they are likely to experience injuries because of violence from their spouses. Furthermore, unlike females, males are known for being extremely violent towards their partners. According to Feldman and Ridley (2003), conflicts in relationships are brought mostly by poor communication. Further disag reement is evident, if the observation made by Sarantakos (2004) is anything to put into consideration. According to Sarantakos (2004), husbands play a key role in sparking violence in their marriages. In his findings, the researcher retorts that husbands are fond of sparking aggressions, which in return force their female partners to be violent towards them. Prior to assaulting their partners, females tolerated with the unpleasant behaviors of their males and they only responded on realizing the impending danger (Sarantakos, 2004). From a critical point of view, some of these articles exhibited limitations from the context of the research. In the article by Wilkes Cho (2009), there are evident limitations. Firstly, the number of males who were put under re-victimization was extremely small (33 of the possible 298 victims). Additionally, considering that out of the 33 men under re-victimization, less than ten were put behind bars, it is clear that detecting the impacts of arrest would be difficult, in the event there was any. Furthermore, there is a likelihood of underreporting female-oriented violence. In yet another limitation, the research failed to include vital contextual details regarding episodes of violence, and those who initiated it and the reasons for such actions. Moreover, the response by security authority was disregarded, and the actions, which were taken on the perpetrators (Wilkes Cho, 2009). Limitations are also evident in the article by Feldman and Ridley (2003). For instance, although the r esearch revolves around communication responses as one of the factors contributing towards violence among spouses, the researchers did not explore the connection between psychological types of abuse, and responses of communication. It would have been better if the research by the two authors were based on a wide range of communication trends, which may lead to domestic violence. In view of Kern smith and Kern smith (2009) article, implications are evident. For instance, irrespective of the study suggesting that women needs on intervention services are different from those of men, the research failed to offer an alternative. Although numerous programs have been developed, the study fails to mention that their accountability is minimal. In Taylor et al. (2009), the article only considered limited details regarding psychological, sexual, and physical behaviors of aggression. In the article, the authors excluded confounders such as history of aggression in the female’s origin, th us leading to biasness on estimates of regression. While reviewing the five articles, key concepts are evident in each of them. In their context, each of the articles has employed unique but important practices while conducting the study. In each of the study, the researchers based their work on a wide range on previous researches. In the journal by Kern smith and Kern smith (2009), the two backdated their research in the last two decades in connection with policymakers in America. Additionally, in order to give the reader a better understanding of the intervention services on batterers, the authors have reviewed the changes, which have been enacted from two decades ago. In Taylor et al. (2009) article, the researchers based their predictions of maternal maltreatment and neglect from a study that run from 2001 to 2004. For that reason, the researchers came up with a study, which was reliable, if the materials used in the research are anything to go by. Sarantakos (2004) made his study more reliable because he based his work on real l ife experiences issues affecting spouses. Additionally, the research targeted the entire family from children to parents to grandparents. In other words, Sarantakos (2004) bases his findings and results on a specific real-life case, as opposed to generalization. In view of the above literature review, the authors of the articles conducted studies revolving around the thematic concerns of domestic violence orchestrated by female perpetrators, and its effect on children and spouse. Basing their studies on statistics and findings previously exhibited in previous researches, the authors have assisted the readers to understand the objective of their research. Nonetheless, the studies are characterized by numerous limitations such as biasness, lack of recommendations, and limited comparisons to warrant the impacts among others. However, the authors have incorporated key concepts in their work thus making it reliable, and of high quality. If you are looking for professional critical thinking writing services to get your academic paper written from scratch, visit us!

File Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

File - Essay Example For a long time, those who supported Dreyfus had not been able to make any objections but the publication of Zola’s article gave them the much needed boost to challenge the affair. The emergence of two opposing camps definitely had a great impact on the Third Republic. It is rather hard to determine when the Dreyfusard camp came into existence. The truth is that a large section of public opinion, together with a large section of intellectuals, politicians, journalists and writers were sure that Dreyfus was guilty by the time his trial came into an end in 1894. If anything, the court had declared him guilty and the newspapers had broadcasted this guilty sentence. Even though individuals such as Zola were dismayed by the anti-Semitism direction that the trial had taken in dying years of 1894, no one came out publicly to challenge the outcome of the sentence. In addition to this, from the moment that Dreyfus had been arrested, a very small number of individuals were convinced of his innocence. After the conviction, several individuals led by Edgar Demange, a criminal lawyer soon began to see the conviction as a case of racial profiling. Upon the passage of the guilty verdict, Demange held a press conference where he declared that the incarceration wa s a judicial mistake. On the other hand, the anti-Dreyfusard’s were the individuals who were convinced that Dreyfus was guilty of the charges brought against him and was therefore fit to be in prison. For the Dreyfusard’s, their main issue at the beginning of the affair was calling for a revision of the issue. At first, revisionism only meant for the review of Dreyfus sentence but with the passage of time it generated into a larger fight against anti-Semitism, militarism, nationalism, and conservatism. In later years, revision turned into a call for the change in ideology. As the movement grew, Dreyfusard’s started addressing the issue of French anti-Semitism that had not been

A Problem in the Field of Finance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Problem in the Field of Finance - Article Example chases an appropriately customized supporting contract from a backer with an underlying result halfway related with the vulnerability in the item showcase. Therefore, ProQuest demonstrates the agreement impact by detailing the transaction transforming both gatherings in the schema of a Stackelberg diversion and value harmony. For each one diversion theoretic setting, we determine the balance result and present the similar statics. We additionally research the case in which the backer lays off her hazard from one agreement by composing an alternate contract with a second firm, and contrast contract execution and a benchmark case in which two organizations exchange specifically as opposed to through the guarantor. However some state that a comparative marvel might be found in an alternate business sector for private safe holdings, the ABCP market. This wonder does not exist, on the other hand, in business sectors for dangerous obligation, for example, the corporate security market. (Xi e, 2013) ProQuest contemplates an inventory network in which a retailer confronts an excellent newsvendor issue with a monetary demand on his ability to request stock. To offer more items, the maker groups up with a bank to offer a premium free credit program. As indicated by late industry reports give or take 80 percent of retailers and suppliers accept that coordinated effort has developed in the previous three years. Regardless of this development, notwithstanding, the practice is not far reaching, and the profits attained are frequently incremental as opposed to transformational practices. Thus, it’s still not unexpected to discover double stock property inside the same system, underused truck armadas, overabundances of quick moving stock mulling in retailer warehouses, and low on-rack accessibility of a few items in particular or say, special things. ProQuest details the association between the retailer and the producer as a Stackelberg amusement in which the maker has the

How do you understand the arts to be theraputic Essay

How do you understand the arts to be theraputic - Essay Example way of communication than to have to go to a therapy where they have to speak of what’s held inside of them, especially with mentally challenged and special individuals who cannot communicate by speaking which makes it harder for a psychiatrist to understand their emotional and mental state. It is now being used in the work of sociologists, psychiatrists, social workers and marriage and family therapists and even physicians with the brief forms of therapy and increasing pressure of completing the therapy sessions in time they found that art therapy has helped them communicate and put an end to issues quicker than any other technique. (Cathy Malchiodi, pg 1,2) Surprisingly the interweaving of art and healing is not really a new phenomenon, at has been existed in this society ever since the human society itself, re-occurring through history across place and time. It is in fact growing importance day by day, proving to be an exceptional medically proven treatment. (Malchiodi 2006) It was not up till the classical period (1940s- 1970s) that the term "Art Therapy" began to be used in written forms for describing their work with their patients/clients. (Cathy Malchiodi pg 9) Who knew it would have come this far to be known as one of the most used and effective processes used by psychiatrists and other counselors for special treatment. Art Therapy can be beneficial for everyone as it does not matter what age, race or gender one is of and so it reaches out to a vast audience of people who need some sort of help psychologically. This form of therapy can be used as a healing strategy in many different psychological disorders such as emotional trauma, depression, and anxiety by expressing themselves fully, creatively without having to worry about them being good at art. Patients with brain damage due to injuries, illnesses and stroke are making a clear relationship between art making and brain function. Sandy Allen, who happened to have a large tumor in her cerebral

Write one page about the short story a rose for Emily by William Essay

Write one page about the short story a rose for Emily by William Faulkner - Essay Example Predictable stories are generally boring, and very common. Use of a non-chronological order makes the story more interesting and engaging for the readers. Another reason for the use of the non-chronological order in the story is to guide the readers’ emotions and feelings towards the central character of the play that is Emily. The story starts with the death of Emily that should principally be the end of story. Since the readers can only learn about the character of Emily through the eyes of Jefferson’s people, who discuss her in her absence, the readers tend to empathize with Emily. One example of this is people’s referral to her as â€Å"poor Emily†. In the first place, the title i.e. A Rose for Emily creates a perception in the minds of the readers upfront that Emily is to be empathized with. It creates a psychological effect on the readers so that they start feeling for

Investigating the relationship between personality and Leadership Essay - 1

Investigating the relationship between personality and Leadership - Essay Example For example, Theory X and Y of management may be used within the same company in different departments depending on the nature of the work involved. Theory X of management assumes that most people have personalities that dislike work and must be controlled by strong means if they are to remain productive. Further, people need direction as well as control and not independence while they work (NetMBA, 2005). Theory Y is the complete opposite of this since it suggests that people are naturally inclined towards work as they are towards play and rest. Additionally, people find satisfaction in work and will use imagination, creativity and their personal skills to solve work related problems if they are allowed to work as they please (NetMBA, 2005). A manager who has a personality which is a good fit for managing with Theory X would find it difficult to create productivity in a department which should be governed with Theory Y. In such situations, personality itself can be defined as the collective emotional, thinking, and action patterns which are exhibited by an individual which are more or less consistent over a period of time (Miner & Dachler, 1973). Psychologists and those who study human personality have defined types of personalities and presented theories which help in placing individuals on certain scales of personality (Joy, 2004). The idea of personality as a set of individual levels of certain traits is fully supported by Cattell (Statt, 2004). It is also suggested that there are quite a few elements which affect human personality and the interaction of these traits as well as the reactions they produce to various stimuli result in a fully formed personality (Plucker, 2007). The work done by Cattell is important for the study of personality and productivity since it lets us gauge an individual’s personality and then connect it to their performance at a given position in the company. At the same time, we have

Global Geopolitics of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Global Geopolitics of the Middle East - Essay Example Overall, the global economy continues to depend on the Middle East. This area also influenced America, as well as other world regions. On the other hand, the current international relations continue to be shaped by the factor of oil the Middle East. The key players in these relations, with regard to oil, are the US and UK. In the past, UK as an external player in the politics of the Middle East imposed its policies on the area, in relation to the state system formation in the past. Today, the aspect of diplomacy in the Middle East has been highly influenced by oil. Oil today has become a political tool, and not an objective. For instance, the USA put a ban on trade with Libya and Iran, while the UN banned Iraq. Unfortunately, these countries have hardened their access to oil in the region, because their priority is in politics. The current geopolitics in the Middle East has all along revolved around oil. More than half of the world’s energy supply comes from the Middle East, with the Persian Gulf holding vast oil wells. The reason behind the world bestowing much importance to the Middle East is the fact that, the global economy cannot survive without oil, which the Middle East produces in plenty. Different countries, especially the current and former super powers and imperialists such as the USA and UK, have developed great interest in the Middle East. The discovery of oil in the Middle East also enhanced its strategic positioning, as it lies in the center of three different continents. With this, it is in a position to control important links in the global system of transportation. The global significance of the Middle East emanates from the fact that the area is the world’s greatest producer of oil. Oil and other oil-related interests have in return influenced the political and social economy of the Middle East, both at the local and international level. Most people consider oil as a political product, since it is the main

Investigating the relationship between personality and Leadership Essay - 1

Investigating the relationship between personality and Leadership - Essay Example For example, Theory X and Y of management may be used within the same company in different departments depending on the nature of the work involved. Theory X of management assumes that most people have personalities that dislike work and must be controlled by strong means if they are to remain productive. Further, people need direction as well as control and not independence while they work (NetMBA, 2005). Theory Y is the complete opposite of this since it suggests that people are naturally inclined towards work as they are towards play and rest. Additionally, people find satisfaction in work and will use imagination, creativity and their personal skills to solve work related problems if they are allowed to work as they please (NetMBA, 2005). A manager who has a personality which is a good fit for managing with Theory X would find it difficult to create productivity in a department which should be governed with Theory Y. In such situations, personality itself can be defined as the collective emotional, thinking, and action patterns which are exhibited by an individual which are more or less consistent over a period of time (Miner & Dachler, 1973). Psychologists and those who study human personality have defined types of personalities and presented theories which help in placing individuals on certain scales of personality (Joy, 2004). The idea of personality as a set of individual levels of certain traits is fully supported by Cattell (Statt, 2004). It is also suggested that there are quite a few elements which affect human personality and the interaction of these traits as well as the reactions they produce to various stimuli result in a fully formed personality (Plucker, 2007). The work done by Cattell is important for the study of personality and productivity since it lets us gauge an individual’s personality and then connect it to their performance at a given position in the company. At the same time, we have

Holy Roman Empire Essay Example for Free

Holy Roman Empire Essay The spread of Lutheranism from 1521-1555 occurred due to many reasons in addition to the lack of strong central government. Other reasons include the fact that Charles V held many roles and therefore had other priorities that were more important than dealing with Lutheranism, the role of Fredrick the Wise and other Lutheran leaders and princes, and finally the appeal and popularity of Lutheranism which ultimately lead to the strength and the growth of the Luther movement. Perhaps the other reasons would not have happened if there was not a lack of central government, which suggests that this was the most important reason; however it is clear that these reasons all interlink, for example the princes may have never supported Luther’s ideas if he did not appeal to them, thus leading to the growth of Lutheranism. Due to the complexity of the causes it is difficult to judge the most important factor, but it is fair to say that there was no stand-alone cause which led to the spread of Lutheranism, but a range of contributing factors. Firstly, the lack of strong central government in the Holy Roman Empire allowed the spread of Lutheranism to occur without prevention. This is largely due to the over 300 self-governing states, meaning that Charles’ influence was limited. This prince’s autonomy meant that the princes had acquired sovereign authority in their own territories, and Charles had little authority. So when Charles attempted to act against rulers who supported Luther he found that Catholic princes did not support him as they were fearful of an increase in the Emperor’s power. This political division ensured the establishment of a Lutheran church, and his supporters and allies were able to capitalise on Fredrick the Wises’ actions and the absence of Charles V when he was dealing with other issues. Another example of the weakness was the Wahlkapitulation. This was also very limiting for Charles, as he had to consult the Electors and the Reichstag on all imperial matters, for example in Augsburg in 1530 when the princes said no to him. It also meant that he could not bring in foreign troops, for example his Spanish troops, to possibly invade Saxony and arrest Luther. This gave Luther further protection on top of the protection he received from Fredrick the Wise. In the 1530s peoples preferred to see the spread of Lutheranism than an increase in the Emperors power, which is due to increased princely particularism. So, all of these reasons ultimately lead to a spread of Lutheranism because the fact that the princes were gaining more power meant that they could make decisions for their own territories, and it became increasingly difficult for Charles to prevent them from becoming Lutheran. Charles V was very preoccupied during the period when Lutheranism was spreading, and ultimately it was not at the top of his priority list. The conflicting priorities of Charles’ extensive yet fragmented Empire were a cause of weakness, thus linking to a weakness in the structure of the Empire. Even in cases of emergency he was not often able to devote his full attention to any cause because he had such a vast area to manage. Examples of Charles’ other priorities include Spain, France and the Ottoman Empire. Charles felt it was necessary to remain in Germany to make sure the Edict of Worms was carried out; however he was forced to travel to Spain to deal with riots that had broken out there, meaning he could not return to Germany for another 8 years. He was also preoccupied with the on-going Habsburg-Valois conflict with France, which was fought in Northern Italy and demanded a lot of Charles attention. Finally the Turks were a cause of problem for Charles, as they were threatening Charles Empire hugely. Charles’ conflicting priorities meant that he could not devote attention to preventing the spread of Lutheranism. In comparison to the structure of the empire, this was not as significant due to the spread of Lutheranism because despite it being out of control, Charles could have delegated other people to carry out his roles in other countries so he could focus on Luther, however the lack strong central government was a key structural issue in the empire and the determination of the princes was out of Luther’s control. The role of Fredrick the Wise and other Lutheran princes was key in the spread of Lutheranism because Fredrick not only protected Luther in the years leading up to the Edict of Worms, but he continued to work for Luther and promoted the religion that Luther stood for. He always suggested an alternative way instead of flatly disagreeing with the Emperor to still keep relationships stable. He argued that Luther’s ideas needed to be considered more carefully, suggesting that the issue should be decided in a council of the German Church. This idea was popular because of its appeal, and Fredrick was presented as a reasonable man. All of this work done by Fredrick led to the strength and growth of the Lutheran movement, as it also increased his popularity. The support of the Luther princes was less of an influence on the spread of Lutheranism than the structure of the Empire, because the Structure of the Empire allowed these princes to follow Luther’s ideas due to increasing princely particularism, and despite Fredrick’s role playing a significant part, it is still on a smaller scale than the structure of the entire empire. Finally, the appeal of Lutheranism meant that he gained popularity rapidly. This is partially to do with the failure of the church in the early 16the century, and increasing hostility due to clerical abuses, such as Simony, and poor quality of pastoral care from people’s parish priests. Luther highlighted these problems with the Church and therefore people supported Luther’s ideas of sola scriptura and sola fida. This increased popularity led to the strength and growth of the Luther movement. By the 1540’s people’s attitudes had changed, and as a whole generation of people had grown up with Luther’s ideas around them it made it incredibly difficult for Charles to eliminate Luther’s ideas, or prevent further spreading. The Diet of Regensburg in 1541 also saw a change in Charles attitude. Charles had decided military action was necessary to bring Luther supporters back into the Catholic Church, which highlights the size of the growth of Lutheranism, as he thought he needed to sort them out immediately. However things changed again in 1555 as Charles was forced to accept Lutheranism in the religious Peace of Augsburg where the impossibility of reuniting Christendom was finally recognised. It declared that, in each state there was to be one religion, either Catholicism or Lutheranism, and the princes were to decide, thus linking back to princely particularism again, and it marked a huge change for the religion of the empire. For the first times Charles accepts Lutheranism and does not try to prevent it. The appeal of Lutheranism was fundamental, because it resulted in support and without support Lutheranism would have never grown to the extent it did. However it does not seem as fundamental as the structure of the empire because it was such a large issue. In conclusion the structure of the government is a fundamental cause in the spread of Lutheranism because it has the largest impact because it affects the entire empire. The fact that Charles V had other priorities meant that he could not deal with or prevent the spread, but it did not encourage the spread in any way, the spread was encouraged due to the princely particularism that occurred because of the structure of the empire. Therefore the lack of Charles V’s attention was probably the least important contributing factor. Both the role of Fredrick and the other Lutheran princes and the appeal of Lutheranism result in the strength and growth of Lutheranism, therefore this is also an important reason, because if Lutheranism was not popular then it would have never have grown and spread. Consequently, even though there are important factors which clearly contribute largely to the spread, it is clear that the structure of the empire was the most important reason promoting the spread of Lutheranism because it encouraged princes to be independent and make their own decision, thus taking power away from the Emperor, and ultimately changing to Lutheran states.

Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods NAME: LUCKY AMADI DISCUSS QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS. INTRODUCTION. What is Research? Research is an inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed development. Research helps to acquire knowledge about a particular thing it is done to understand. It can also be seen as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research methods are often divided into two main types: Qualitative Research methods Quantitative Research methods Qualitative Method of Research. Qualitative research which is also called Field research is done to gain a deep understanding of a specific organisation or event rather than the surface description.it is aimed at getting a better understanding through first experience, truthful reports and quotation of actual conversations, also aims to know how participants derive meaning from their surroundings and how their meaning influences their behaviour. Qualitative research makes use of observation as a data collection method; this is the selection and recording of behaviours of people in their environment, observation is useful for generating in-depth descriptions of organisations or events, for obtaining information that is otherwise inaccessible, and for conducting research when other methods are inadequate. The context or background of behaviour is included in observations of both people and their environment. Stages in Participatory Observation Selection of a site and definition of problems, concepts and indicators. The problem or phenomenon of interest is first identified by the researcher; he tries to discern what will yield the greatest understanding of that problem. The researcher then identifies preliminary concepts and what data will be gathered as indicators of those concepts. The researcher chooses a strategy to move into the researcher. This involves an overt or a covert role for the researcher, issues may include how to record observations (writing notes, tape recordings, video tape) as well as ethical issues (privacy, confidentiality, etc.) Strategies include: adopting a passive role at first, learning the ropes; don’t seek data aggressively until later; be a researcher not a therapist, answer questions but don’t become closely identified with any one person until you are sure it will not cost you information in the long run, be non-persistence. Selecting people and events to observe. Primary sources also known as â€Å"key informants† of information are identified by the researcher. These people may be relied upon in the beginning to help the researcher get acculturated to the situation. The statements of key informants can be taken as evidence, even if their statements are somewhat self-serving. The researcher must also be aware of possible differences between the validity and intention of volunteered statements that are made in response to the researcher’s questions. Develop relationships with the participants. Researchers must have the trust and confidence of the informants. Researchers must speak their â€Å"language† and understand their â€Å"world†. The researcher can note the differences rather than accept one and reject the other. The researcher must determine whether certain things are not being said because of his or her role as â€Å"researcher† or whether they can use their position as â€Å"neutral outsider† to gain more information. Analysing observations. The researcher can check whether none, all or some proportion of behaviours or events occur under distinct circumstances. A preliminary model can be generated to explain the data collected. Further observations are then collected which can strengthen or weaken the researchers preliminary model. Final analysis and interpretation. Models are checked against the evidence. Advanced concepts and evidence for their support and refutation are checked. The major problem is how to present the data in a brief but meaningful form. Advantages of Qualitative research. It gives the researcher freedom to let the study unfold more naturally. The researcher gains more detailed and rich data in the form of comprehensive written descriptions or visual evidence such as photographs. It looks at the context and social meaning and how it affects individuals. Disadvantages of Qualitative research. It is time consuming. It is difficult to code data. It is not applicable to widely dispersed social settings It is difficult to control for researcher bias. Quantitative Research of Method. Quantitative research can be seen as explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods; this method reduces the data into numbers, the researcher helps to analyse the data with the help of statistics. The researcher knows in advance what he/she is looking for and all aspects of the study are carefully designed before the data is collected. Its objective is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. Process of Quantitative research method. Developing models, theories, and hypotheses of what the researcher expects to find. Developing instruments and methods for measuring the data. Experimental control and manipulation of variables. Collecting the data. Modelling and analysing the data. Evaluating the results. Principles of Quantitative Research. Objectivity is important. Methods and conclusions are examined by researchers for any possible bias. Researchers go to great length to ensure that they are really measuring what they claim to be measuring. External factors which might affect the result must also be controlled as it might be the other factor which produces the result. When looking at results the P value is important, P stands for probability. It measures the likelihood that a particular finding or observed difference is due to chance, P is between 0 and 1, the closer the result is to 0 the less likely it is that the observed difference is due to change, the closer the result is to 1 the greater the likelihood that the finding is due to chance and that there is no difference between the variables. Advantages of Quantitative method of research. It allows researchers to measure and analyse data. It helps to carry out test for hypotheses in experiments because of its ability to measure data using statistics. The researcher is more objective about the findings of the research. Disadvantages of Quantitative research. It doesn’t study things in a natural setting or discuss the meaning things have for different people unlike qualitative method of research. A large sample of population must be studied; the larger the sample of people researched the more statistically accurate the results will be. CONCLUSION. Each of these researches are done for a purpose just like Qualitative is done to gain understanding of a specific organisation or phenomena, Quantitative is done by analysing data with the help of statistics it has to do with numbers. Just like everything they both have their advantages and disadvantages. REFERENCES Anderson, ML and Taylor, H.F (2009) sociology. The essentials Belmont C.A Thomson Wadsworth.

Depression Essay example -- Health, Depressed Individuals

Certain practical issues need to be considered by the clinician during the assessment of MDD, (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). Depressed individuals tend to express their problems in a detailed manner when they are aware of what is expected from them during initial phase of assessment. Warning depressed clients about the possible interruptions at the initial phase along with providing them rationale helps to improve the effectiveness of the assessment (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). As depressed individuals tend to commit cognitive bias (Dozois & Beck, 2008), it is necessary to determine the actual impairment by evaluating patient’s daily routine in terms of different areas of functioning. Each diagnostic criteria needs to be addressed in number of ways (Shea, 1988). Sometimes, the patient describe their symptoms in more idiosyncratic way. So, the clinician needs to translate those concerns in to the nosological system (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). Bolland & Keller (2009) emphasize the need to assess the number of previous episodes and their duration because this information is one the predictor for risk of subsequent relapse (Solomon et al, 2000). Dozois & Dobson (2009) have reported to rely upon information related to previous episode carefully as the client may commit the reporting bias. The reporting bias can be reduced by ensuring that the patient understands the time frame to which he or she refers (Dozois & Dobson, 2009) and providing contextual cues to the patient’s memory (Shea, 1988). The information related to previous treatments, medical history, patient’s motivation for change, etc. may help in identifying resources for change (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). It is also helpful to assess client’s strengths which will help in formulating... ...owever, if Medical conditions worsens the symptoms of depression, then mood disorder is diagnosed as MDD and medical condition is listed on Axis III of the DSM-IV-TR( APA, 2000a). It is difficult to differentiate between depression and dementia (Gualtieri and Johnson, 2008), but certain differences can be noted among two (Dozois and Dobson, 2009). For example, recent memory is more effected in depression than remote memory; such symptoms are not prominent in dementia (Dozois and Dobson, 2009). Conclusion: For the accurate assessment of MDD, the clinician should not rely upon results obtained from one psychometric instrument. Rather, he or she should try to integrate information obtained from multiple sources to get the holistic picture of patient. The clinicians also needs to consider above mentioned practical issues while making assessment related to MDD.

Essay --

They say it is better to be poor and happy than rich and miserable, but how about a compromise like moderately rich and moody?† – Princess Diana Diana Frances Spencer was born July 1, 1961 at Park House near Sandringham, Norfolk, United Kingdom. (Story) Diana was the youngest of John Spencer and Frances Shand Kydd’s children. Elizabeth Sarah Lavinia, was born 1955, now known as Lady Sarah McCorquodale. Cynthia Jane, was born 1957, now Lady Fellowes. John, who died ten hours after birth in 1960, and Charles Edward Maurice, born 1964, currently the ninth Earl of Spencer. The family lived in Park House on the Sandringham estate. She was born into an aristocratic family with Royal blood in the ancestry. (Coggins) When Diana was age six the Spencer’s marriage ended in a divorce which resulted in a complicated custody battle. Her father, the eighth Earl of Spencer raised Diana. (Pettinger) He eventually remarried Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, novelist, Barbara Cartland’s daughter. (Coggins) Diana, along with the rest of her siblings didn’t get along with her stepmother. Diana’s mother eventually m arried Peter Shand-Kydd, becoming The Honorable Mrs. Frances Shand-Kydd. The couple went to live on the island of Seil, Scotland. Diana first attended a preparatory school in Riddlesworth Hall at Diss, Norfolk and a boarding school in West Heath Sevenoaks, Kent. (Story) Diana wasn’t a particularly smart student. She failed all of her O-levels twice and later dropped out at the age of sixteen. She had talents in music, dancing, and domestic science. (Story) She was eventually awarded maximum help to school and school peers. She finished her schooling at Institut Alpin Videmanette in Rougemont, Switzerland. (Story) After Diana left school, she mo... ...ning of Diana’s death. In an unprecedented gesture, she announced the Union Jack would fly at half-mast at Buckingham Palace. It only took forty-five minutes for the Queen to completely reinvent her role in Diana’s ending. She went from being invisible, to being the very center of a large farewell drama to the kingdom’s beloved Princess. She was very annoyed when the press reported her new approachability was perhaps the â€Å"Diana effect.† As brief as this young woman’s life had been here on this earth, she had managed to touch so many people. She brought changes to people lives for the better. Diana was indeed a â€Å"Queen of the people’s hearts!† â€Å"Princess Diana, your heart of sympathy covers the length and breadth of the world. There shall come a time when the entire world will value you most sincerely, most lovingly and most wholeheartedly." – Sri Chinmoy (Pettinger)

Hamlet Essay

Death, the absence of life when light goes out. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses mortality as an answer to situations that characters find themselves in, and these situations represent various themes in the play. The characters, mainly Hamlet and Laertes, show that death is one of the better ways to overcome sorrow, show vengeance, and it’s inevitable. Everyone faces unhappiness at least once in their lifetime and so do the characters in the play, â€Å"Tragedy of Hamlet†. As a result, death is a tool that characters, such as Hamlet and Laertes, use to escape from sorrow. Hamlet shows signs of committing suicide while Laertes’s sadness turns into madness. Beginning with Hamlet, Hamlet shows his depression and desire to die as he says, â€Å"O, that this too too sullied flesh would melt; Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! ; Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d; His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! God! † (Hamlet; 1. 2. 129-132). As Hamlet expresses these emotions, one can conclude that Hamlet is yet to overcome the fact that his father, King Hamlet, is dead. Hamlet’s sadness grows as he is not pleased with his mother, the Queen, as she is perfectly fine about Hamlet’s father’s death; in fact she marries her dead husband’s brother. These two situations have lead Hamlet to think that his suffering will only end if he switches off his life. Thus, one can guess that, through Hamlet, Shakespeare suggests that death is a medium with which one may end his misery. While Hamlet thinks about committing suicide to end his sadness, Laertes looks for ways to end the reason for his sadness. After Claudius tells Laertes that Hamlet is the one who is responsible for his father’s death, Laertes speaks, â€Å"To cut his [Hamlet] throat I’ th’ church† (Hamlet; 4. 7. 127), this expresses Laertes’s disdain for Hamlet. Laertes realizes the fact that Hamlet is the reason for his sadness, Hamlet being responsible for his father’s death. Therefore, he builds up a desire to kill Hamlet to avoid his sorrow but that grief soon turns into madness where he acts like a beast that is hungry for Hamlet’s blood. Hence, one can say that, through Laertes, Shakespeare is trying to claim that death is a solution to unhappiness. Therefore, Hamlet’s and Laertes’s responses uphold the argument, death, in the form of suicide and murder, is a solution to madness and sadness, a theme in Hamlet. Losing a loved one not only leads to grief but also builds up anger, which can be taken to the next level, avenging the culprit. Revenge may be as small as an insult, but in the play, Shakespeare shows vengeance through death. This can be first seen when the Ghost of King Hamlet asks Hamlet to take revenge for his death. In reply, Hamlet says, â€Å"O cursed spit; That ever I was born to set it right† (Hamlet; 1. 5. 189), affirming the Ghost’s plan for seeking revenge. As Hamlet gains knowledge about the death of his father and understands that Claudius is the murderer of his father, he builds up fury against Claudius. Hamlet’s rage, which leads to his revenge, could have an outcome of legal punishment against Claudius, for example imprisonment, but instead it ends up being Hamlet’s personal punishment on Claudius, which is slaying of Claudius. Hence, through Hamlet, Shakespeare expresses that murder shows revenge which works as a build up towards the climax of the play. Like Hamlet, Laertes also reacts to the death of his own father by seeking revenge. Sometime after Hamlet kills Polonius, Laertes’s yearning for receiving justice can be clearly seen as he says, â€Å"Let come what comes; only I’ll be revenged; Most thoroughly for my father† (Hamlet; 4. 5. 135-136). Laertes hears about the death of his beloved father and in anger, he charges for the guilty party. As Laertes assumes that King Claudius is the offender he plans to kill him and avenge his father’s death. Therefore, one can suggest that Shakespeare is trying to convey that assassination shows vengeance, and increases tensions among different characters among the play to create an interesting ending. Thus, Hamlet and Laertes seek vengeance by murdering the corrupt, which shows revenge can be gained by the death of one; revenge is one of the other themes in the play. Lastly, no matter â€Å"who† one is or how much good or how much bad one does, everyone one has the same final destination, humans are destined to die and so are characters in the play. Therefore Shakespeare is trying to express his thought that death is ones fate. As Ophelia turns mentally ill, she begins to act crazily, which later leads to Gertrude claiming that Ophelia is dead as she says, â€Å"One woe cloth tread upon another’s heel; So fast they follow; your sister’s drowne’d Laertes† (Hamlet; 4. 7. 163-164). Like any other person, Ophelia dies as confirmed by the previous line from the play. After seeing Ophelia’s role throughout the play, one can easily claim that Ophelia was a sweet gentle woman who never did any harm to anyone both intentionally and unintentionally, but in the end she dies. This proves that death is unavoidable no matter what good deeds one has done in their lifetime. Hence, Shakespeare shows the power of mortality through Ophelia’s death. Another instance that proves that death is every person’s destiny is when Hamlet is talking to Horatio after he realizes that Ophelia is dead; he says, â€Å"There’s a divinity that shapes our ends. (Hamlet; 5. 2. 10). Hamlet is saying that there is a superior power above all of us who sets one’s life, one’s fate, this affirms Shakespeare idea of death being inevitable. Furthermore, the idea of the â€Å"Wheel of Fortune†, a very popular topic during Shakespeare’s time, can be interpreted as death is ones fate. Assuming that the bottom of the wheel represents birth, when the wheel completes a full rotation, the wheel reaches to the bottom again. So to start a new life, one has to die first. Thus death is portrayed as an unavoidable power. Hence, death is shown as fate in the play, which is another theme of the play. To conclude, the real function of death is not to kill characters in the play, but to convey other important themes in the play, the other themes being madness and sadness, revenge and fate. Death, in Shakespeare’s point of view, is an escape from life to avoid sadness where either the protagonist kills himself or someone else as an act of revenge which also shows human’s limitations for fighting against the inevitable death. Death is the unsung villain of one’s life.

Differences between Northern Renaissance Art and Italian Renaissance Art Essay

?There are many differences between Northern renaissance art and Italian renaissance art. They are quite different. While Italian renaissance art tended to show the body in an idealistic way, Northern renaissance art hid the body. The art was very realistic, but drapery hid the body in a medieval fashion. That makes one major difference between the two: Italian was classical and Northern was medieval. Northern art had an immense amount of symbols in it. A good example of Northern art is the Merode Altarpiece, painted by Robert Campin in 1425-1428. In this piece, there is an incredible amount of symbolism, it is painted in a medieval style (drapery hides the body, etc. ), there’s a tremendous amount of detail put into it, and perhaps one of the most defining features of it is that it has got the patron in it. Since it was commissioned by someone besides the church, they wanted to be put in the piece of art that they paid to be painted. The patrons of the altarpiece appear on the far left side, as if they were part of the scene itself. Now we have Italian renaissance art. Some defining characteristics of it are that it is very classical (drapery tends to cling to the body, revealing the perfection of all the idealized bodies), they used plenty of linear perspective (whereas Northern art was more medieval, so they didn’t much care for that), they liked using illusions in their work, and they didn’t have patrons in their work because the church usually commissioned all the art. Botticelli’s Birth of Venus is a good example of Italian renaissance art. It not only has tons of drapery clinging to the female’s bodies, but it also has a nude person, common in classical art. This piece shows no particular patron, and so we can assume that it was commissioned by the church. One work of art commissioned by a patron is the Merode Altarpiece. Since this is a triptych, it has three panels. The patrons, that are identifiable as bourgeoisie from nearby Mechelen, appear in the left panel (the female donor and the servant in that panel appear to have been added later by a different painter once it was completed). Since the patrons wanted to be in it, it had to be modified from the original. A peculiar example of patrons being in a work of Italian renaissance art is the Adoration of the Magi, painted by Sandro Botticelli in 1476, and commissioned by the Medici family. The Medici family was a pretty huge deal back then. Therefore, if they wanted to be in a painting, they would be in a painting. Botticelli painted many members of this high-class family in this work of Italian renaissance art. Yet another example of patrons in a work of art is Hugo van der Goes’s Portinari Altarpiece, painted in 1475. It is another triptych, so it is divided in three. The difference between this one and the earlier one is that instead of having the patrons on just one side, they are on both sides of the piece, as if they were watching it. It is very medieval. The patrons in this seem to almost be a part of what is happening, but they don’t seem connected.